ABSTRACT In the following text we aim to present a proposal of interpretation of Hobbes's work from sociobiology viewpoint. Despite the fact it may strike some at first as an anachronism or straightforward wrong, reading the philosopher of Mamelsbury from a sociobiological perspective, can shed light on some particular aspects of his argument, particularly those referring to the construction of human nature and its influence on the modulation of the state of nature and on the justification of authority and political (...) obligation. So, Hobbes proceeds as a sociobiologist since he offers us a tale about the emergence of morality from where it didn't exist before and moves from there to a specific understanding of political authority. RESUMO No texto a seguir, pretendemos apresentar uma proposta de interpretação da obra de Hobbes a partir de sociobiologia. Apesar de poder chocar alguns em primeiro lugar como um anacronismo ou errado, ler o filósofo da Mamelsbury a partir de uma perspectiva sociobiológica pode lançar luz sobre alguns aspectos particulares do seu argumento, em especial os referentes à construção da natureza humana e sua influência sobre a modulação do estado de natureza e sobre a justificação da autoridade e obrigação política. Portanto, Hobbes procede como um sociobiólogo, já que ele nos oferece um conto sobre o surgimento da moralidade de onde ela não existia antes e se move de lá para uma compreensão específica da autoridade política. (shrink)

Mientras Carole Pateman (1988) afirma que «para las feministas la democracia no ha existido jamás», Julieta Kirkwood (1986) sostiene que «no hay democracia sin feminismo». Ambas aluden a la deuda del ideal democrático con la emancipación de las mujeres, e incluso a la función estructural de la exclusión de las mujeres en la democracia liberal. A partir de los encuentros y desencuentros entre democracia y feminismo, el presente artículo pretende ofrecer una definición de la democracia feminista que vaya más allá (...) de la inclusión a través de la acción afirmativa, abordando las tensiones que esta genera en el debate feminista de las últimas décadas y los nuevos desafíos en torno a las políticas de redistribución y de reconocimiento. ¿Es posible superar la opresión y la dominación a partir de políticas centradas en el interés de grupo? ¿Cómo se define ese interés sin esencializar la diferencia? Responder a estas preguntas resulta clave para plantear un concepto eficaz de democracia feminista. (shrink)

This article aims at two objectives, the first is to prove the insufficiency of the Kantian ethics matrix to give an account of vulnerability and precarity that are part of human existence. We will show how the “losing” side of ethical theories of modernity, offer a richer frame to asses human interdependency. Our second objective is to pose the hypothesis about a relation between those discourses of freedom as autonomy and the negation of human vulnerability and hence of the relegation (...) or subalterization of the ethical arguments based on care. (shrink)

El presente artículo se propone analizar la contraposición entre ciertos supuestos básicos del liberalismo, aún en sus versiones más igualitarias, y aquello que consideramos es un requisito para el desarrollo de la democracia. Principalmente se cuestionará la suposición de egoísmo que atraviesa la obra de John Rawls, quien cuando procura ajustar su propuesta de justicia distributiva al realismo psicológico, es cuando más se aferra al pesimismo antropológico que caracterizara al liberalismo desde su emergencia. Sostendremos pues, que la suposición de egoísmo (...) que Rawls es incapaz de dejar de lado, es una justificación nada neutral de la propiedad privada y del mercado, a la que el liberalismo ha recurrido aún de espaldas a la complejidad que es propia de las relaciones humanas efectivas, es decir, cuando el argumento liberal se dice más realista, es cuando es más ideológico. La democracia se funda, por el contrario, en la posibilidad de matizar dicho egoísmo y por ende, mientras los argumentos liberales permanezcan ciegos a ello, no podrán constituir una defensa efectiva de la democracia, sino por el contrario, serán una amenaza para las bases materiales de ésta. (shrink)

En este trabajo proponemos una lectura de la filosofía política de Smith, a partir de su teoría de la obligación política, en tanto crítica del contractualismo. El autor rechaza la hipótesis del estado de naturaleza y el consentimiento de los individuos, proponiendo, en cambio, una teoría basada en la opinión, pero, sobre todo, en la ilusión de que la sociedad comercial nos conducirá a la felicidad. Rastrearemos estas ideas en tres de sus textos más importantes: La teoría de los sentimientos (...) morales, La riqueza de las naciones y Lecciones de jurisprudencia. (shrink)

El presente texto tiene como objetivo problematizar el proyecto republicano de democracia igualitaria desde la perspectiva de su realizabilidad. Se trata de contraponer el optimismo que encontramos por parte de quienes participan de los movimientos de la sociedad civil, con la perspectiva desencantada o insuficientemente comprometida de algunos sectores de la sociedad, que pese a apoyar las reivindicaciones en cuestión, no están dispuestos a hacer los sacrificios que un compromiso sustantivo demanda. Releer el proyecto republicano desde la simpatía, nos permite (...) comprender los desafíos que un proyecto político republicano debe afrontar para llevar a cabo las transformaciones sociales necesarias. (shrink)

En el artículo analizaremos el problema de la obligación política en Hobbes, entendiendo esta como una compulsión de carácter moral a la obediencia a las leyes, por oposición a un cálculo meramente prudencial. Contra la lectura tradicional que considera a Hobbes un teórico del consentimiento, afirmaremos que el consentimiento juega un rol secundario para la obligación y que esta se sostiene aparentemente en las leyes de naturaleza como preceptos de razón prudencial, orientados a la autopreservación. Explicaremos que la teoría de (...) Hobbes justifica más bien lo que Carole Pateman denomina una teoría de la “obediencia política”, fallando en justificar la obligación. (shrink)

El primer objetivo del presente artículo es reconstruir el concepto de obligación política en Hume a partir de lo expuesto en el _Tratado de la naturaleza humana_ y en algunos de sus ensayos políticos. Hume es crítico del contractualismo y su idea del consentimiento como fundamento de la legitimidad de la autoridad, proponiendo en su lugar lo que llama “aquiescencia precaria”. El segundo objetivo es analizar el alcance del escepticismo humeano respecto de la obligación política y verificar si se extiende (...) a la obligación de cumplir las reglas de justicia. Para ello analizaremos la figura del _sensible knave_ introducida en la Investigación de los principios de la moral, y la respuesta que Hume le da a quienes se resisten a cumplir las reglas. Concluiremos que el escepticismo humeano que se ve reflejado en su comprensión de la obligación política, afecta también a su respuesta a los potenciales infractores de las reglas, sin embargo, más que un fallo en el argumento de Hume sería una ventaja para pensar la política más allá de los dogmatismos. (shrink)

Background Sharing anonymized/de-identified clinical trial data and publishing research outcomes in scientific journals, or presenting them at conferences, is key to data-driven scientific exchange. However, when data from scientific publications are linked to other publicly available personal information, the risk of reidentification of trial participants increases, raising privacy concerns. Therefore, we defined a set of criteria allowing us to determine and minimize the risk of data reidentification. We also implemented a review process at Takeda for clinical publications prior to submission (...) for publication in journals or presentation at medical conferences. Methods Abstracts, manuscripts, posters, and oral presentations containing study participant information were reviewed and the potential impact on study participant privacy was assessed. Our focus was on direct and indirect identifiers, such as sex, age or geographical indicators in rare disease studies or studies with small sample size treatment groups. Risk minimization was sought using a generalized presentation of identifier-relevant information and decision-making on data sharing for further research. Additional risk identification was performed based on study participant/personnel parameters present in materials destined for the public domain. The potential for participant/personnel identification was then calculated to facilitate presentation of meaningful but de-identified information. Results The potential for reidentification was calculated using a risk ratio of the exposed versus available individuals, with a value above the threshold of 0.09 deemed an unacceptable level of reidentification risk. We found that in 13% of Takeda clinical trial publications reviewed, either individuals could potentially be reidentified or inappropriate data sharing plans could pose a data privacy risk to study participants. In 1/110 abstracts, 58/275 manuscripts, 5/87 posters and 3/58 presentations, changes were necessary due to data privacy concerns/rules. Despite the implementation of risk-minimization measures prior to release, direct and indirect identifiers were found in 11% and 34% of the analysed documents, respectively. Conclusions Risk minimization using de-identification of clinical trial data presented in scientific publications and controlled data sharing conditions improved privacy protection for study participants. Our results also suggest that additional safeguards should be implemented to ensure that higher data privacy standards are met. (shrink)

This study aims to investigate the relationship between job burnout and employee performance in the feed industry during the ASF outbreak. Further, the researchers employed a descriptive-correlational research design in order to analyze the acquired data and produce pertinent findings. Thus, the researchers gathered data from one hundred two (102) feed industry employees. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ) were employed to ascertain the extent of job burnout experienced by the respondents and evaluate employee performance, (...) respectively. Based on the statistical analysis, there is a significant relationship between job burnout and employee performance. Moreover, the study's findings were thoroughly analyzed and discussed. (shrink)

Sterols and the reductant nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), essential for eukaryotic life, arose because of, and as an adaptation to, rising levels of molecular oxygen (O2). Hence, the NADPH and O2‐intensive process of sterol biosynthesis is inextricably linked to redox status. In mammals, cholesterol biosynthesis is exquisitely regulated post‐translationally by multiple E3 ubiquitin ligases, with membrane associated Really Interesting New Gene (RING) C3HC4 finger 6 (MARCHF6) degrading at least six enzymes in the pathway. Intriguingly, all these MARCHF6‐dependent enzymes require (...) NADPH. Moreover, MARCHF6 is activated by NADPH, although what this means for control of cholesterol synthesis is unclear. Indeed, this presents a paradox for how NADPH regulates this vital pathway, since NADPH is a cofactor in cholesterol biosynthesis and yet, low levels of NADPH should spare cholesterol biosynthesis enzymes targeted by MARCHF6 by reducing its activity. We speculate MARCHF6 helps mammalian cells adapt to oxidative stress (signified by low NADPH levels) by reducing degradation of cholesterogenic enzymes, thereby maintaining synthesis of protective cholesterol. (shrink)

Contrary to accepted ideas, questions of gender started to be raised around the end of the 19th century. The characters of problematic sex and sexuality who abounded in literature at that time had the function of emblems of the fears aroused by the erasure and divorce between the sexes in a civilization in disarray. The figure of the androgyne was used to name and depict those condemned to indecision. But its closeness to the invert led to the decline of the (...) myth, which in the meantime was taken over by turn-of-the-century clinical medicine. Just like homosexuality, hermaphroditism became an anomaly, and those affected by it were depicted as deviant, incomplete beings. However, it was from the explosive superimposition of those two denigrated figures – the homosexual and the androgyne – that the concept of gender emerged in its true nature, that is, as a mental construction as much as an anatomical destiny. (shrink)

The myths which seek to assert the idea of completeness per medium of the creature of dual sex are legion. The androgyne of Plato, the Tiresias of the fable, through their double sexuality and their ability to meld in one body both animus and anima, the genius of man and the genius of woman, affirm the idea of ontological perfection. But, consubstantial with their radiant power is the terror that they generate. For they unsettle even the gods. Symbol of the (...) creative harmony and beauty of the universe, the androgyne is nonetheless the harbinger of catastrophe. Its perfection is an anomaly. Its beauty a provocation. Its intelligence an insult. For the androgyne is the copy of God, the extremity of a hand that shapes, capable of what God is able. (shrink)

Situé au carrefour des études culturelles et visuelles (cultural and visual studies), de l’histoire matérielle (material history), de l’histoire du livre et de l’édition, et de la littérature, l’ouvrage publié sous la direction de Ann R. Hawkins et Maura Ives (toutes deux dix-neuvièmistes, spécialistes à la fois de la bibliographie et des women’s studies) regroupe douze études savantes qui brossent un large panorama de la situation littéraire, sociale et symbolique des écrivaines de langue an...

(No abstract is available for this citation).

Depuis le début du XXI e siècle, la globalisation est devenue un thème central dans les sciences humaines, même si la mondialisation croissante des discours dans les sciences humaines apparaît en réalité dès le XX e siècle. Dans le domaine de la philosophie, la mondialisation du cadre thématique a été encouragée en particulier par les Congrès mondiaux de philosophie depuis 1900. Sous l’impulsion de ces évolutions, les histoires de différentes philosophies ont émergé à travers le monde et dans de nombreuses (...) langues différentes. En outre, des ouvrages d’histoires globales de la philosophie se multiplient depuis une vingtaine d’années. Pour faire face à cette diversité thématique dans la philosophie d’aujourd’hui, l’approche d’une phénoménologie transformative est abordée à la fin de l’article. (shrink)

Cet article retrace les changements intervenus au sein du militantisme féministe chinois dans un climat de détérioration politique deux décennies après la Quatrième Conférence mondiale sur les femmes (QCMF) en 1995. Il met en lumière les actions novatrices menées par les jeunes féministes, de même que l’intense surveillance qu’exerce, sur le militantisme organisé, un État totalitaire qui craint de perdre son pouvoir. Bien que la sphère publique et le cyber espace ne laissent guère beaucoup de place à l’activisme, les féministes (...) chinoises se sont mobilisées pour continuer d’expérimenter de nouvelles façons d’exiger l’égalité de genre et de poursuivre des transformations sociales et culturelles. (shrink)

At first glance the three eukaryotic protein translocation machineries – the ER‐associated degradation (ERAD) transport apparatus of the endoplasmic reticulum, the peroxisomal importomer and SELMA, the pre‐protein translocator of complex plastids – appear quite different. However, mechanistic comparisons and phylogenetic analyses presented here suggest that all three translocation machineries share a common ancestral origin, which highlights the recycling of pre‐existing components as an effective evolutionary driving force.Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays ERAD ubiquitin ligases Abstract.

Comment la philosophie peut-elle contribuer à lutter contre le processus actuel d’atomisation sociale? Cherchant à éviter les raccourcis de la controverse qui a opposé le communautarisme au libéralisme, la recherche récente s’inspirant de la « pensée post-métaphysique » distingue quatre types de communauté : la communauté éthique constitutive de l’identité, la communauté légal, la communauté politique et la communauté morale. En ce qui concerne cette dernière, l’article remet en cause l’affirmation du discours théorique selon laquelle on peut résoudre les questions (...) morales en termes de « communauté justificative » (Habermas, Forst). En montrant que la logique du contrat est impuissante à définir la moralité de manière adéquate, l’article invite à se tourner vers la démarche kantienne. On s’intéresse tout particulièrement à la façon dont Kant, en liant la théorie morale à la philosophie de la religion, fournit les bases d’un concept de la communauté globale qui s’abstient de tracer une ligne entre « nous » et « eux ». (shrink)

The phenomenon of Public Interest Litigation [PIL] is a judicially crafted one and primarily consists of the constitutional court’s expansion of fundamental rights on the one hand, and procedural innovations to create better opportunities for disadvantaged groups to gain access to the legal system on the other. It has created a renewed conception of justice, and has enabled the court to augment and validate its own authority as the “guardian” of the public welfare, and as the constitutionally appointed branch of (...) the state to enforce the rights of the “public”. PIL at one level appears to have enabled the justice system and laws to define and shape social and political interactions and to channelize democratic pressures for gaining a response from the state. But it has also been a process by which law and justice emerge from social and political interaction. This new interaction between the realm of judicial decision making and state governance has created adjustments and adaptations and the creation of new legal acts, as well as systemic tensions and conflicts. The paper concludes by looking at broader questions that PIL generates for processes of civic participation, representative democracy and democratic polity under the constitution. (shrink)

The phenomenon of Public Interest Litigation [PIL] is a judicially crafted one and primarily consists of the constitutional court’s expansion of fundamental rights on the one hand, and procedural innovations to create better opportunities for disadvantaged groups to gain access to the legal system on the other. It has created a renewed conception of justice, and has enabled the court to augment and validate its own authority as the “guardian” of the public welfare, and as the constitutionally appointed branch of (...) the state to enforce the rights of the “public”. PIL at one level appears to have enabled the justice system and laws to define and shape social and political interactions and to channelize democratic pressures for gaining a response from the state. But it has also been a process by which law and justice emerge from social and political interaction. This new interaction between the realm of judicial decision making and state governance has created adjustments and adaptations and the creation of new legal acts, as well as systemic tensions and conflicts. The paper concludes by looking at broader questions that PIL generates for processes of civic participation, representative democracy and democratic polity under the constitution. (shrink)

Plato is one of the key ancient authors studied by both classicists and philosophers. This long-awaited new edition contains seven of the dialogues of Plato, and is the first in the five-volume complete edition of his works in the Oxford Classical Texts series. The result of many years of painstaking scholarship, the new volume will replace the now nearly 100 year old original edition, and is destined to become just as long-lasting a classic.

Le projet de mondialisation néolibérale, qui consiste à étendre et à maintenir le capitalisme à l’échelle mondiale, nécessite la création d’États-nations néolibéraux qui intégreront son idéologie, ses pratiques et ses structures politiques. En ce sens, l’État-nation néolibéral constitue un site conceptuel approprié pour examiner le lien entre le local et le global dans la dynamique du capitalisme mondial. En prenant les Philippines comme exemple, l’article examine les différents facteurs ou dimensions qui ont fait des Philippines un État-nation néolibéral, depuis l’époque (...) coloniale jusqu’aux structures supranationales qui exercent un contrôle externe sur l’économie politique philippine : le pouvoir mondial des sociétés transnationales, le FMI, l’impérialisme américain et chinois, y compris l’aide militaire américaine qui soutient la militarisation et la contre-insurrection contre les mouvements remettant en question le programme néolibéral des régimes passés et actuels. Enfin, l’article considère les répercussions que les mouvements antimondialisation peuvent avoir sur le changement d’orientation politique et sur les stratégies de résistance mondiale. (shrink)

Donors to biobanks are typically asked to give blanket consent, allowing their donation to be used in any research authorized by the biobank. This type of consent ignores the evidence that some donors have moral, religious, or cultural concerns about the future uses of their donations – concerns we call “non-welfare interests”. The nature of non-welfare interests and their effect on willingness to donate to a biobank is not well understood. In order to better undersand the influence of non-welfare interests, (...) we surveyed a national sample of the US population using a probability-based internet panel. Logistic regression models assessed the demographic and attitudinal characteristics associated with participants’ willingness to give consent for unspecified future uses of their donation when presented with 7 research scenarios that raised possible non-welfare interest concerns. Most people had non-welfare interests that significantly affect their willingness to donate to a biobank using blanket consent. Some non-welfare interests are associated with subgroups but others are not. A positive attitude toward biomedical research in general was associated with increased willingness to donate, while concerns about privacy and being African American were associated with decreased willingness. Non-welfare interests matter and can diminish willingness to donate to a biobank. Our data suggest that trust in research promotes willingness to donate. Ignoring non-welfare interests could erode this trust. Donors’ non-welfare interests could be accommodated through greater transparency and easier access to information about the uses of donations. (shrink)

Prises dans les rets du conservatisme culturel et religieux comme dans ceux d’un gouvernement totalitaire bannissant toute forme d’organisation de la société civile, il n’est guère surprenant de constater qu’avant 1991 les femmes d’Arabie Saoudite ne pouvaient pas se mobiliser à travers un mouvement associatif pour réclamer des droits légitimes. Jusqu’à tout récemment, les Saoudiennes étaient privées du droit de vote, de la liberté de circulation et du droit d’agir librement sans le consentement de leurs gardiens matrimoniaux. Cet article retrace (...) le parcours et la lutte des femmes saoudiennes afin d’accéder à une pleine citoyenneté et de parvenir à l’indépendance face à la menace d’un conservatisme religieux et culturel profondément ancré dans le canevas socioculturel saoudien. (shrink)